What Is Culture?

1.     What is culture and why is it important for business managers to have an understanding of cultural differences among countries?

I remember my English language teacher saying that culture and nature are the two most challenging words for lexicographers to define. Notwithstanding, I think one could endeavor and write own view of culture. On a macro level, culture is the sum of habits, beliefs, and artistic model accumulated and shared over several centuries by a large group of people. Language, religion, and geopolitical boundaries are factors we usually take into consideration when identifying culture types. On a micro level, culture is also synonymous to certain ideologies and/or behaviors one must adopt or adapt-to to be able to seamlessly fit into any society. The 20^th century witnessed an unprecedented technological revolution especially in the communication and transportation fields. These advancements resulted in an even bigger economic boom that encompassed literally every sovereign country worldwide. Politically, we see neighboring countries form regional commercial alliances on nearly every continent. The world is on its way to become one big hyper-market or department-store where customer is the undisputed king. Commercially-open borders and trade liberation treaties have encouraged many organizations to venture internationally. Having previously learned the hard way, international brands now know how important it is to invest in cultural awareness because it has a direct influence on the success of any international business transaction. We also see this in branding where international brands adapt to specific-market preferences. Furthermore, cultural awareness is important for companies that employ employees from different nationalities to ensure a homogeneous work environment.

 

2.     List and explain 3 different layers of culture.

Though there have been different interpretations of culture, the example where culture is compared to an onion, in terms of apparent and subtle layers, is the most frequently used analogy. In this analogy, culture is considered to have three different layers. the outer layer of the onion represents the most tangible or apparent aspect of culture like attire, language, and food. The second layer represents a less visible aspect of culture: typical customs and behavior (norms), and their justification (values). The innermost layer of the onion is what is called implicit or intangible culture. It includes sets of basic rules and methods deeply embedded in individuals that they have become second nature, yet challenging for an outsider to understand.

 

3.     Identify and discuss 5 different cultural universals.

Cultural universals are general commonalities that are shared by most cultures to some degree. In a way, they highlight attributes shared by different cultures around the globe. Examples of cultural universals are listed hereafter:

1.     Environment: all cultures have adapted to their environments in some manner. This is apparent in national dress and cuisine.

2.     Economics: every society has its own economic structure in which goods and services are provided. We always find set rules for everyday trade, barter, jobs, and forms of currency.

3.     Beliefs: every culture has a set of strong beliefs so embedded in the collective mind and believed to be undisputed facts. Religion and views on marriage and sexual morality are examples of such beliefs,

4.     Language: every culture has its own version of preferred communication language. Even in vast regions that host multiple cultures that share the same language, we find each individual culture has added its own twist to it.

5.     Art: all cultures have their own national treasure. Be it painting, myths, singsong, folktales that distinguish each culture from the rest.

 

4.     What relationship, if any, exists between culture and language?

One of the definitions of the adjective “Homologous” is “similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin but not necessarily in function” (Google translation). The relationship between culture and language is often complex and entangled. Languages are inherently created by cultures yet we see evidence of cultures being greatly influenced by language. Some also view language as a key component of culture.

 

5.     Explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity!

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf proposed the theory of linguistic relativity which hypothesized that a particular language may affect the speaker’s perception or own-model of the world. Similarly, there are certain thoughts that maybe understood more when conveyed in one language over another. In other words, people in a specific culture use language to convey thoughts that reflect said culture’s norms and values. This is also apparent in Semantic Relativity where certain words in a given language may trigger corresponding images or thoughts in the minds of native speakers of said language and not foreigners, even if they spoke that language fluently.  

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I Died With My Eyes Open

Dear Humans,

Today I would like to return to your awareness an aspect of the Human condition that ultimately succumbs to the biological experience we call life. Yes, death seems inevitable and inescapable. There are those who appear to cheat it at times but sooner or later we are all paid a visit by that rather grim-looking, cloaked entity who gestures with a scythe.

When that mythical bony hand comes knocking, there will be few places to run and hide. The idea of venturing into the unknown can be a terrifying proposition for us— and there's certainly no greater unknown than what waits on the other side. The tendency to fear death is perfectly natural, perhaps even necessary. Yes, death is to be avoided at all costs, and yet we find ourselves fascinated by this mysterious and most prodigious of all eventualities.

In the following paragraphs I intend to die. Yep- that's right, I'm going to choke on a Giuliano jalapeno-stuffed olive and pass over the great divide into the ever after. I'll tell you all the things I see and feel along the way. Now mind you, this is only a simulation, as I am in no particular hurry to experience the real deal. But I've imagined such a moment a good number of times, and so in this sense it's just another day for me.

Last Breath

"An olive of all things," I think to myself as I asphyxiate. It would have been considerably better and wiser to have chewed it rather than inhale it. But they tasted so good and I got a little carried away. If provided the opportunity to reconsider my lackadaisical attention to chewing and swallowing, I certainly would now seek that option. No such choice is on the table. Seems I remember a variation of the Heimlich maneuver that could be administered in a lonely and dire circumstance such as this. Still thinking there's a chance my olive will pop back out.

Well that's the pits. There's genuine urgency now. The adrenaline is pumping, which doesn’t seem to help my current situation whatsoever. This thing is not going to pop out and so I find myself in a frenzied state of panic, fear and dizziness. The struggle is initially intense, but before too long I feel my body hitting the floor and staring up toward the ceiling. I never noticed that cobweb in the corner before. Someone should really take care of that.

At the edge of consciousness I find that I'm now no longer concerned for me but how others will be affected. I sure don't want to upset anyone, but it would seem my fate is sealed— I'm a goner. I've walked away from serious car wrecks and even survived picking a fight with someone twice my size. I suppose either one would have offered a more spectacular exit. But an olive— yes, that delicious little olive, would ultimately spell my demise. I find the irony both terrifying and amusing. As I slip into unconsciousness I am finally relieved of my struggle.
   
The Light

I thought it was mostly hype, but sure enough I'm now staring into a bright white light. I can't seem to take my eyes off of it. It is beautiful beyond words and so welcoming. I sense I'm between two worlds, yet my mind still functions as though I'm having a living Human experience. I'm no longer tethered to the ground like before. I'm free to float about and observe the world from this vantage. I'm not really aware that I'm dead, because all this seems so perfectly natural and familiar to me. That’s when I look down and notice myself looking back up at me. Damn— I died with my eyes open!

I'll tell you now that's not what I wanted. Ever since I was a little kid I thought how creepy it would be to see a dead person with their eyes still open. And yet there I am, dead and blue with Marty Feldman-like, bulging peepers. I try to reach down to close them but my hand can’t seem to move anything. I'm a ghost. I find being a ghost rather interesting and not nearly as spooky as I thought it would be. But I'm still concerned about my loved ones. I don't want them to discover me like this; bulging eyes and an olive in my windpipe. Sheesh!

Little Help from My Friends

I'm not alone. There are others like me— in the between states of here and there. Some have been around for ages, although time is not the same ticking clock that we know of. We’re all connected in an almost telepathic way and none of this is surprising to me. What's odd is that heavy, fleshy container I used to occupy. Without spirit, it just doesn't hold my appearance anymore. Just a body now, a shell of my former existence- and those eyes- yikes!

I'm acutely aware of my energetic state. I'm not sure what's holding my consciousness together, as I'm fully capable of clear and independent thought. There are many familiar faces here to greet me. I laugh because this part of the experience seems rather stereotypical. I think to myself how cliché and perfect all this is. But it's nothing like a family reunion where there's always a residual tension just below the waterline. This is a real reunion fully expressed in the light of unconditional love, knowing and compassion. And there's a connectedness with all things big and small. Everything has a resonance that somehow speaks to me. This is a blissful state, and indeed a heavenly place to call home. At the moment I can't even fathom why I would ever choose to be among the living. There is simply no comparison.

This previously forgotten realm in the afterlife seems far more real than the sensation of living. Everything has come back to me in a flash. It's almost like I never left. If one has ever had the experience of returning to a job after being away for a while and jumping right back in without missing a beat— well, that might begin to describe what I'm feeling in this space called death. Yes, it is indeed a transition or metamorphosis, but nothing ever dies.

There is still a window open for me to return to my former life, although there would be significant challenges I would have to face. The choice is mine. I opt out. I don't want to go back to that world. Truth is I didn't really care much for those things I read in the news. I don't like war and all those evil machinations. No thanks, I'll stay. It's at that moment someone, somehow, finds a way to close my eyes. Whew! What a relief.
   
Life is But a Dream

Have you ever been sleeping and missed being awake? Not likely. Have you ever been so tired and exhausted that all you could think about was going to bed? -Very likely. The physical state of sleeping can be maintained by the body for months and even years. People in comas can survive literally into old age. On the other hand, if one were to try staying awake and conscious for much more than three days they would likely become delusional and possibly even die. In this sense, being in a deep state of sleep seems more natural for the body than remaining continually awake.

But where I feel I am right now is somewhere between that state of awake and asleep. This is the node that best captures the feeling that surrounds me. It's the twilight and the dawn— it's the end of all that was and the beginning of what will be. It's all rolled together into one big, cosmic, vegetarian burrito for me to eat at my leisure. And it tastes right and it tastes good.

There is not a sense of higher and lower orders of spiritual evolution. It's clear that all energies have a place that is important and significant. There is no ridicule or praise for one's prior beliefs, or lack of belief for that matter. All of that now seems insignificant to me as I stand in awe of the greater picture. I sense what some would call the Christ Light, but I do not witness His personification. It seems the Light speaks to me in a way that I can understand. It is the Light of love and it's within us all. In my heaven, we are not to be hoodwinked, embarrassed or judged. We are unbridled expressions resuming our truer form.

Gone to the Moon

One thing that is clear to me is that this "heavenly" state is not superior to our living state. It's really a matter of perspective. It doesn’t pose the same limitations upon us at the physical level because there is no physical level. A body of flesh does not have the architecture to embrace the level of energy I’m picking up on the other side. If we tried, the body would explode. So there must be a tradeoff. But that is not to belittle our physical state. This state is beautiful in its own way. We can find heaven in this state or we can live in hell, if that is our choosing.

I wish I could tell the living how easy it is to do things and go places while in a physical body. Being dead is making all this abundantly clear. For instance, when was the last time you were on the moon? My spiritual body is screaming out to you, the living, and wondering why you don't go. You see, we can visit the moon anytime we like, just not so much in the physical way. As for me, I like to lie down along the terminus were shadow meets the light. My feet get nice and toasty while my head freezes. Thank goodness it's my spiritual body. It can handle such extremes. I listen to the moon speak and watch the Earth rise. I wish you could be there to experience it too. To watch you observe such a thing is more enjoyable to me than the effect of my own observation.

But people will tell you it's all imaginary. It's in your head, they'll say. To them I ask if a thought is energy. If it's energy, then is it not real? What if this energy is not confined to just the physical brain? What if it can transmit like some kind of quantum radio device and take you wherever you want to go? Well it can, and it does, so there!

You're being here took a lot of effort from a lot of people who love you very much. You are valuable and have great purpose. I am grateful for your being here and I wish I could express to you just how important your role is. But I'm sort of dead right now. Yes, we are held in place in this physical world and yet, do we not hold someone in place when we hug them? The hug doesn't last and all which you see around you is temporary and fleeting. Enjoy this present moment.
   
Heaven's Gate

Dying with my eyes open is perfectly fine as a metaphor but maybe not so much in the literal sense. When I truly leave this world I will want to say I was awake and aware and conscious of those things within and around me. I was able to see through this artificial construct we sometimes call the matrix and that I was able to rise above it. Perhaps my being here was largely about this experience and the ensuing internal struggle that did follow.

Did you notice I never quite made it through heaven's gate? I saw someone who could pass for Peter, but I was a little too shy to approach him. I found myself instead noticing this limbo land between both worlds. This is an important transitional stage where we drop off our remaining baggage and slowly acclimate to moving on. I had always put a toe in the pool before jumping in. I make no exception here. I want to make sure my affairs are in order and that the living are ready and willing to let me go. If they don't, I'll probably come down and haunt them until they do. There are some people up here that are kind of into that and have made it into a full time job.

From where I stand, I am now privy to knowing that what's ahead is so beautiful, perfect and pure that I don't want to contaminate it in any way. The proverbial “gate” is open to everyone and yet I'm stricken with the feeling of unworthiness. I'm simply not good enough to enter that light. Well fine, they say. If you want to sit around and mope about it you can. You're welcome to flog yourself to your hearts content. Do you see why we shouldn't carry so much baggage with us? Anyway, the gate is open 24/7 just like my favorite diner. All we really need to do is step in, self-incrimination notwithstanding.

What it might be like past this point I haven’t a clue. It's beyond anyone’s comprehension. This may be why we are so steeped in amnesia. We may not have a choice in the matter. Our living, organic brains may be unable to process what is beyond those gates. If we had any inkling, it is quite possible that we could not function in the physical world. It would literally blow our minds. We would be so wrecked with homesickness and confusion that a good many of us might just jump off the first available bridge. It is my sense that we chose to be here and to be here largely on our own terms. The amnesia was the one non-negotiable (and essential) part of the package.

As we live from day to day our propensity to be fearful of the unknown can be easily exploited. There are religious constructs that will leverage this fear. They will have you believe that your fate is somehow in their hands and contingent on their ideology. I will not engage with those who are austere and belligerent in this arena. What nerve some people have. Might some be charlatans who don these robes? To think they know better than you or I as they shake their finger of judgment and indignation. I love that person who wags their finger. But I know they know not— and I fear that they fear much.

Final Thought

Take a moment and feel your energetic self. Feel how it is somewhat separate from your physical body. If you don't sense it right away, keep trying. You'll eventually become very aware of being aware. It's really not much of a jump from there to feel that dividing line between the physical and spiritual worlds.

The physical body is the condensate, solidified expression of our spiritual being. Our car fits perfectly in this garage. Here we are provided the opportunity to observe ourselves and comb our hair in a mirror. Kind of a big deal, really. We don't wish to be anyone else because who we are is what we are. So should we decide to come back again and walk the Earth once more, we will bear a striking resemblance to what we see right now. A gender change is perfectly within the realm of possibility. Let’s not forget, men do have nipples. Go figure.

Our every instinct promotes self-preservation. This is by design. But it seems to me that if we really knew the experience that awaits us, we just might find ourselves overly ambitious to get there. We came into this world with a lot of help and the help will be there when it's our rightful time to leave. I sense with great certainty that we are never alone, and we are loved so very, very much. Oh yes, and I also sense the importance of chewing our food slowly and carefully before swallowing.
 

Article originally published at:
http://www.rattlereport.com/rattleberry/2014/i-died-with-my-eyes-open
This content may be freely reproduced in digital form, provided this and all original links are included.

Basic Psychic Protection

Basic psychic protection acts as an energy that wraps around us. The purpose of this energy is ultimately to block out all intrusive or malicious vibrations that come from other sources. As one begins to practice magic or any psychic art, their awareness of the world’s energies increases greatly. With this newfound sensitivity comes exposure to a new realm of distractions. Astral entities may be attracted to your increased energy or activities. Other practitioners may notice you as well. Not all of these personalities may wish you harm, but it is best to be prepared with psychic protection, just in case.
Bubble Technique
The most basic technique for protecting oneself magically is to simply imagine yourself inside a ball of white light that turns away any energy before it can touch you. When you visualize this ball of light around you, you want to make sure it appears opaque and solid in your mind’s eye. This bubble should extend about a foot above your head and at least 6 inches below your feet. It doesn’t have to be a perfect sphere; just make it fit around your body in whatever shape seems most comfortable or appropriate. You want to enforce the energy in the areas above and below to be just as strong as the areas in front and behind you. Rest assured that even after you come out of your concentrated state, this bubble will move with you without hindrance. Any vibrations that touch it will simply pass over and around your shield like the wind moving around a mountain. In the rare circumstance that your shield comes up against someone else’s, it will bend to compensate, but not break, much like two balloons pressing together. You need to hold the image of an impenetrable force field in your mind for at least a good solid minute or two, before returning to your everyday life.
Mummy Technique
The visualizing of specific shapes forming around your body piece by piece adds focus and resolve to your psychic protection, and this is the basis of the mummy technique. Begin by creating the image of a ball of white light glowing just above your head where the crown chakra or higher-self psychic center is located. Focus on the energy here, willing its intensity to increase. Visualize white light sweeping down from this powerful sphere in the shape of a wide ribbon that begins to wrap around your head. You may want to leave some space between the energy ribbons and your physical body, perhaps 3-4 inches. Have the ribbon continue to wrap around your head, overlapping itself and creating a solid sheet that surrounds your head in protective energy. Don’t stop at the head though. Let the ribbon continue to spin around your shoulders, torso, hips, legs all the way down to the feet, making sure to cover every spot so that you are entirely and safely wrapped. Once you’ve worked your way down to your feet, have it wrap underneath them, completing the blanket surrounding you. When you are completely wrapped, hold the image of what you just did in your mind for a few moments before opening your eyes. This exercise is a great way to improve your skills with energy manipulation while benefiting yourself.
Burning Flame
The Burning Flame is best used in situations that may be dangerous or that you require a great amount of psychic protection over a short period of time. If you are entering a place/meeting/situation with a terrible amount of negativity you can perform this technique. Some people visualize their shields as a fire surrounding them at all times which is fine, although the method presented here is geared toward an emergency situation or on a temporary basis since it uses high amounts of energy.
Stand perfectly upright with your legs together and your arms flat against your side. Go deep inside yourself to the center of your being. Approach all of this with a confident intensity, your mind focused on your need for protection. Find your center and know that in your center is an intense source of energy, the very energy that all your magical abilities come from. With your consciousness in this core of your being, create an eruption of energy within yourself. Like a volcano building up pressure, cause your energy to rise and expand from your center out. As the energy reaches the outside of your body have it burst into a blue flame that surrounds your body. The curved base of the flame should be at your feet and the tip of the flame above your head. The intense energy flame will burn any outside vibrations before they can reach you. This flame won’t harm you physically since it’s a spiritual flame, but it will stop any other spirit or energy from touching you. Once the flames surround you, try to keep part of your mind focused on it as you proceed through the situation you felt required extra psychic protection. Imagine more energy fanning the flames stronger and higher as you exhale.
As with any of these techniques, practicing first in a safe place is highly recommended.
Chakra Spin Protection
This powerful technique unites the chakras to create a shield fully embedded with all aspect of your will and energy. Begin by visualizing performing the Psychic Center Visualization as detailed in the Energy Techniques document. A quick rehash: Charge the crown chakra, and draw a line down to the 3rd eye chakra. Charge the 3rd eye before drawing a line to the throat. Charge and continue to the heart, charge this chakra and draw a line of white light to the solar plexus chakra. After charging the solar plexus you move to the sex chakra, charge it and then onto the root chakra. As mentioned before, this is an adaptation of the traditional chakra system to have a center between the two feet so draw one more line to the ground center and charge this area. Create two lines of light from this center that swoop to each side of you in an upward curve before connecting with the crown chakra above your head. Begin cycling your energy through the lines timed with your breathing.
Instead of stopping at this point, continue cycling but move your focus to the curved lines at your side. We want to move these two lines simultaneously clockwise so that they being to spin around the body. Let them put out energy as they continue to move faster and faster until their light forms a solid wall of energy that surrounds you. Spin this wall of energy around you for a few moments. When you feel ready, let the image of the chakras fade from your mind, and let the spinning motion end, but hold onto the image of all the energy the chakras surrounded you with.
How often and how long?
You should practice psychic protection techniques at least once a day until your body picks up the habit and begins to naturally reinforce your shields with energy. After a month or two you should be proficient enough that you only need to revisualize your shields once a week. If you find yourself in a particularly nasty situation where you need an extra amount of protection, feel free to shield yourself again even if you had done so earlier in the day. As you become more comfortable and skilled at these techniques you will find it possible to reinforce your shield with little concentration and even while you body is in motion or otherwise distracted.
Colors in Protection
Everyone likes to add a little color to his or her magic. When you give your energy it’s own color, you are personalizing it and making it easier for you to relate to. Some people are very firm in the belief that white energy is the purest and therefore is most powerful. Generally white and blue are the most commonly used colors for psychic protection. There may be something to this, but it is always best to listen to your gut. If you feel an urge to have a green shield, then go with it. You can always experiment by changing your shield’s color every week. If you find one shade or tone to be more effective than others, then stick with it. There are some generally accepted associations with each color that I’ll post on the Temple of Manannan at a later date.
Complex combinations of color can be used to create very strong protection. For example you could make a shield that starts as red at the top of your head and then slowly graduates to orange, yellow, green, blue and then purple when it finally reached your feet. Visualizing such a shield takes strong focus, and holding it this image in your mind’s eye as the day goes by can be challenging. Since the appearance of this shield requires much more effort, it is more strongly empowered by your will. Unusual patterns in shields can also aid you in psychic self-defense. Integrating a religious design or an occult symbol that represents protection can add extra strength and power.
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