Freud's psychosexual development theory
Childhood development, according to Freud, is discontinuous; each of us must go through a series of stages or phases known as psychosexual development stages. If a stage is not appropriately supported, the kid may feel trapped and/or fixated with that stage. The unconscious mind's skills are highly crucial since it influences behavior instinctively or involuntarily. According to Freud, the primary goal of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious. the pleasure-seeking impulses begin in childhood. Childhood experiences, according to Freud, have a significant impact on adulthood in terms of molding the character, anxieties, obsessions, and beliefs.
Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
"Also an epigenetic theory that was impacted by Sigmund Freud's work in terms of stages of development" (Understanding Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development, 2022) It denoted humans' social experience as a main factor in shaping behavior. Each stage is a result of the preceding one and a precursor to the next. During each stage, the individual is faced with various conflicts that help develop certain qualities. By the end of each stage, the individual either emerges with the said qualities established, or lacking them. In all cases, the result becomes ingrained in the person's psyche and evident in their behavior. It highlighted people's social experience as a major influence in influencing behavior (Understanding Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development, 2022). Each stage is a consequence of the one before it and a prelude to the one after that. Throughout each stage, the person is confronted with numerous conflicts that aid in the development of particular traits. By the conclusion of each stage, the person has either established or lacks specified traits. In all cases, the outcome becomes ingrained in the person's psyche and manifests itself in their behavior. Stage 1: Mistrust vs. Trust. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt in Stage 2. Stage 3: Responsibility vs. Guilt. Stage 4: Superiority vs. Inferiority. Identity vs. Confusion, Stage 5 Intimacy vs. Isolation at Stage 6. Stage 7: Stagnation vs. Generativity.
Piaget's four phases of cognitive (or intellectual) development
Piaget classified children's cognitive development into four phases, each representing a new way of thinking about and comprehending the world. Nortje (2021): Sensorimotor development occurs from birth through the age of 18-24 months. preoperational toddlerhood (18-24 months). through toddlerhood (18-24 months). Operational specifics: 7 to 11 years old, from formal to operational adolescence to adulthood.
The Ecological Systems Theory of Bronfenbrenner
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory focuses on the nature and context of the child's environment. According to him, as a child develops, his or her relationship with numerous environments becomes more difficult. This complexity may arise as the child's physical and cognitive systems grow and mature. To evaluate a child's development, we must include not just the child and her immediate surroundings but also the interaction of the larger environment. He classified a person's environment into five separate systems: the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem. Finally, all of the notions mentioned above are crucial for educators to understand because they allow them to form fundamental relationships with their students and create communication-rich classrooms. This is to guarantee that you not only know what you want to teach, but also how to organize it for each particular student and what they are capable of. Furthermore, they clarify other educational psychology ideas like behaviorism and cognitivism. Educational psychology is significant since it may benefit both students and instructors. It provides educators with essential information to help them create educational experiences, measure learning, and improve student motivation.
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory sees human development as a socially mediated process in which children learn their cultural values, beliefs, and problem-solving techniques via collaborative conversations with more informed members of society. The foundation of Ygotsky's theory lies in concepts like the Zone of Proximal Development, culturally unique tools, and private communication. Vygotsky's concepts stress the fundamental significance of social interaction in the formation of cognition (Vygotsky, 1978). In other words, social learning tends to precede growth (Nortje, 2021).
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory
According to Bronfenbrenner, as a kid grows, the interaction within various environments gets more complicated. As the child's physical and cognitive systems develop and mature, this complexity may emerge. This is to ensure that you not only know what you want to teach, but you also know how to structure it for each individual student and also what each student is capable of. Furthermore, they make other educational psychology theories such as behaviorism and cognitivism clearer.
Finally, all of the notions mentioned above are crucial for educators to understand because they allow them to form fundamental relationships with their students and create communication-rich classrooms. This is to guarantee that you not only know what you want to teach, but also how to organize it for each particular student and what they are capable of. Furthermore, they clarify other educational psychology ideas like behaviorism and cognitivism. Educational psychology is significant since it may benefit both students and instructors. It provides educators with essential information to help them create educational experiences, measure learning, and improve student motivation.
References
Mcleod, S., & Mcleod], S. (n.d.). Erik Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development. Erik Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved September 8, 2022, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html
Nortje, P. A. (2021, May 3). Piaget’s Stages: 4 Stages of Cognitive Development & Theory. PositivePsychology.Com. https://positivepsychology.com/piaget-stages-theory/
Understanding Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development. (2022, August 3). Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/erik-eriksons-stages-of-psychosocial-development-2795740
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