Navigating Secondary Students' Behavior: Insights from a Teacher

Being a teacher in the secondary classroom can be both fulfilling and challenging. One of the most significant challenges teachers face is dealing with the behavior of their students. Adolescence is a period of rapid change, making it crucial for educators to understand effective strategies for managing diverse behaviors. In this blog post, we will explore practical tips based on real-life examples to help teachers navigate the complex world of secondary students' behavior.

1. Build Positive Relationships:
   Establishing a positive rapport with your students forms the foundation for effective behavior management. Take the time to get to know your students beyond the classroom walls. Engage in genuine conversations, show interest in their lives, and acknowledge their achievements. For example, praising a student for their thoughtful participation in class or congratulating them on an extracurricular accomplishment can go a long way in building trust.

2. Set Clear Expectations:
   Clearly communicate your expectations and rules from the beginning, ensuring that students are aware of the boundaries in your classroom. Create a set of rules collaboratively, allowing students to take ownership and feel responsible for maintaining a positive learning environment. Reinforce these expectations consistently and provide reminders when necessary.

Real-life Example: During the first week of the school year, hold a class discussion about the importance of respectful behavior, active listening, and cooperation. Together, establish a list of classroom rules, such as "Raise your hand before speaking" or "Respect each other's opinions." Post these rules where they are easily visible to serve as constant reminders.

3. Use Proactive Strategies:
   Prevention is key when it comes to managing behavior in the secondary classroom. Employ proactive strategies that anticipate potential issues and prevent them from escalating. These strategies include effective lesson planning, engaging activities, and smooth transitions between tasks. When students are actively engaged, their behavior tends to be more positive and focused.

Real-life Example: Before starting a group activity, provide clear instructions, designate roles, and set clear goals for the group. This minimizes confusion and promotes collaboration, reducing the chance of disruptive behavior.

4. Individualize Approaches:
   Recognize that each student is unique and may respond differently to various behavior management techniques. Tailor your approach to meet the needs of individual students, accommodating their strengths and weaknesses. Some students may require additional support, while others may excel with more challenging tasks.

Real-life Example: Offer different options for assignments or projects that allow students to showcase their skills in various ways. For instance, instead of assigning a written essay, provide the option of creating a visual presentation or delivering an oral report, giving students an opportunity to leverage their strengths.

5. Foster a Supportive Classroom Environment:
   Create a safe and inclusive classroom environment where students feel comfortable expressing themselves without fear of judgment or ridicule. Encourage open dialogue and active listening while addressing any conflicts or disruptive behavior promptly and respectfully.

Real-life Example: When a student acts out, take them aside privately to discuss their behavior. Listen attentively, express empathy, and help them find alternative ways to handle their emotions. By engaging in one-on-one conversations, you demonstrate that you care about their well-being and are willing to support them.

Conclusion:
Navigating secondary students' behavior requires a multifaceted approach that combines building positive relationships, setting clear expectations, using proactive strategies, individualizing approaches, and fostering a supportive classroom environment. By implementing these tips and being adaptable, teachers can create a conducive learning environment where students can thrive academically and socially. Remember, it is through understanding and empathy that we can help shape the behavior and future of our students.

Between Parent and Child

Haiim Ginott has made it clear that parents, teachers, and adults in general may have a tremendous effect on children's development. In his book Between Parent and Child, Ginott denotes, "I've come to a frightening conclusion! I am (as a parent or teacher) THE decisive element in any situation. It is my own mood and approach that decide the outcome of a situation". Adults own ignorance, which makes them believe that punishment remedies misbehavior when it only breeds and reinforces the very same pattern of misbehavior. Ginott emphasizes the importance of understanding and empathizing with children, as it allows for a more effective and positive approach to discipline. Parents and teachers often attack and criticize the child's personality traits and attributes instead of focusing on the actual misbehavior. Criticizing a child's character only serves to damage their self-esteem and create a negative perception of themselves. This can lead to a cycle of misbehavior, as the child may feel misunderstood and resort to acting out for attention or validation. Instead, Ginott suggests addressing the specific behavior while still affirming the child's worth and potential for growth. When children feel understood, their loneliness and hurt diminish. When children are understood, their love for their parents deepens. A parent's sympathy serves as emotional first aid for bruised feelings. When we genuinely acknowledge a child's disappointment, they often gather the strength to face reality. Let's treat our children the way we were treated when we were young—with empathy, understanding, and respect. By validating their emotions and offering support, we can create a safe and nurturing environment where they feel valued and heard. This approach not only helps them navigate their current challenges but also lays the foundation for healthy relationships and emotional well-being in the future. 

10 ways Companies Handle Flexi-work

 In my opinion, to effectively manage flexible work arrangements, companies should consider these 10 possible solutions:

1. Define Clear Policies: Establish comprehensive policies outlining flexible work options, eligibility criteria, and expectations for both remote and hybrid work.
2. Embrace Technology: Invest in robust communication and collaboration tools to facilitate seamless remote work and ensure employees can access essential resources from anywhere.
3. Set Expectations: Clearly communicate performance expectations, deadlines, and availability, emphasizing results rather than hours worked.
4. Encourage Regular Check-Ins: Schedule frequent virtual or in-person meetings to maintain communication, provide support, and address concerns.
5. Foster Inclusivity: Ensure remote workers feel included by organizing virtual team-building activities, providing equal opportunities for career advancement, and promoting a strong company culture.
6. Train Managers: Equip supervisors with the skills to effectively manage remote teams, including assessing productivity and addressing remote work challenges.
7. Support Work-Life Balance: Encourage employees to set boundaries between work and personal life, emphasizing the importance of well-being.
8. Evaluate Performance Objectively: Implement performance metrics that evaluate results and not just hours worked, focusing on outcomes and contributions.
9. Solicit Feedback: Regularly gather feedback from employees to adapt and improve flexible work policies and practices.
10. Stay Compliant: Keep abreast of legal and tax requirements related to remote work to ensure compliance.

By implementing these strategies, companies can optimize the benefits of flexible work arrangements while maintaining productivity and employee satisfaction.

The Use of Artificial Intelligence AI in Remedial Education

 

I. Introduction

 - Explanation of AI in remedial education 

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been making significant strides in the field of education, particularly in remedial education. AI technology has the potential to revolutionize the way students learn and improve their academic performance. With its ability to analyze vast amounts of data, AI can identify students' strengths and weaknesses, personalize learning experiences, and provide targeted interventions to help struggling learners catch up with their peers. This technology can also help teachers and administrators make data-driven decisions that can improve student outcomes. However, there are still challenges that need to be addressed before AI can be fully integrated into remedial education programs. Benefits of AI in Remedial Education - Personalized learning experiences - Targeted interventions - Improved student outcomes One of the most significant benefits of AI in remedial education is its ability to provide personalized learning experiences for students. By analyzing student data, AI can identify areas where a student needs extra support and create individualized learning plans that cater to their specific needs. This approach allows 

 - Importance of topic

 students to learn at their own pace and in a way that suits their learning style, ultimately leading to improved outcomes. Another advantage of AI in remedial education is its ability to provide targeted interventions. With the help of AI, educators can identify patterns in student performance and behavior, which can help them identify potential issues before they become major problems. This proactive approach can prevent students from falling behind and ensure that they receive the support they need to succeed. Overall, the benefits of AI in remedial education are clear, and it is important for educators to embrace this technology as a tool for improving student outcomes. By leveraging the power of AI, we can create more effective and efficient educational programs that meet the needs of all students, regardless of their individual challenges or learning styles. 

 - Brief overview of essay

 This essay highlights the benefits of using AI in remedial education. It explains how AI can help identify and address students' individual needs, providing personalized support that can prevent them from falling behind. The essay emphasizes the importance of embracing this technology as a tool for improving student outcomes and creating more effective and efficient educational programs that meet the needs of all students. By leveraging the power of AI, educators can provide a more inclusive and supportive learning environment that caters to each student's unique challenges and learning styles. Ultimately, this approach can lead to better academic performance and greater success for students in their future endeavors. 

II. Advantages of AI in remedial education

 - Personalization of learning

 : AI can help educators tailor their teaching methods to each student's specific needs and learning style. This means that students who struggle with certain subjects or concepts can receive targeted support and resources that are tailored to their individual needs. By providing personalized learning experiences, AI can help students stay engaged and motivated, which can lead to better academic performance and improved outcomes. - Increased efficiency: With the help of AI, educators can automate many of the time-consuming tasks associated with remedial education, such as grading assignments and tracking student progress. This frees up more time for teachers to focus on providing one-on-one support and guidance to students who need it most. - Enhanced accessibility: AI can help make education more accessible to students with disabilities or other special needs. For example, AI-powered tools like speech recognition software or text-to-speech technology can help students who struggle with reading or writing complete assignments and participate in class discussions. - Improved outcomes: By using AI to personalize learning experiences, increase efficiency, and enhance accessibility, 

 - Real-time feedback and assessment

 AI can provide immediate feedback to students, allowing them to track their progress and adjust their learning strategies accordingly. This can lead to improved outcomes and higher levels of student engagement. Additionally, AI-powered assessment tools can help teachers quickly evaluate student performance and identify areas where additional support may be needed. - Streamlined administrative tasks: AI can also help streamline administrative tasks, such as grading assignments and managing student records. This can free up teachers' time and allow them to focus on providing high-quality instruction. Overall, the integration of AI in education has the potential to revolutionize the way we teach and learn, making education more accessible, efficient, and effective for all students. 

 - Increased engagement and motivation

With AI-powered tools, educators can create personalized learning experiences that cater to each student's unique needs and interests. This can help increase engagement and motivation, as students are more likely to be invested in their education when they feel like it's tailored to their individual strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, AI can provide real-time feedback and support, helping students stay on track and feel more confident in their abilities. As a result, students may be more likely to stay engaged in their studies and motivated to succeed. Overall, the use of AI in education has the potential to transform the way we approach teaching and learning, creating a more dynamic and personalized experience for students of all ages. 

III. Challenges of AI in remedial education

 - Lack of human interaction and support

 One of the biggest challenges of using AI in remedial education is the potential lack of human interaction and support. While AI can provide real-time feedback and support, it cannot replace the value of a human teacher or tutor. Students who struggle with certain concepts may need more personalized attention and guidance, which AI may not be able to provide. Additionally, some students may feel more comfortable learning from a human teacher or tutor, rather than relying solely on technology. It is important to find a balance between using AI as a tool for learning and providing enough human interaction and support to ensure student success. Another challenge is ensuring that the AI technology used is accurate and reliable. If the technology provides incorrect feedback or guidance, it could lead to confusion and frustration for students, ultimately hindering their progress. Therefore, it is crucial to thoroughly test and evaluate any AI technology used in remedial education before implementing it in the classroom. 

 - Potential bias and inaccuracies in algorithms

must also be addressed to ensure that the AI technology is fair and equitable for all students. This includes examining the data sets used to train the algorithms and identifying any potential biases that may exist. Additionally, it is important to continually monitor and update the technology to ensure that it remains accurate and effective over time. While AI technology has the potential to revolutionize remedial education, it must be implemented thoughtfully and with careful consideration of its potential benefits and drawbacks. Ultimately, a balanced approach that combines AI technology with human support and interaction may be the most effective way to ensure student success in remedial education. 

 - Cost and accessibility issues

 may also arise with the implementation of AI technology in remedial education. While AI technology can provide personalized and efficient learning experiences, it may come at a high cost that some institutions cannot afford. Additionally, not all students may have access to the necessary technology or internet connection required for AI-based learning. As such, it is important to consider the financial and logistical implications of implementing AI technology in remedial education. Furthermore, ethical concerns surrounding data privacy and bias must also be addressed when utilizing AI technology in education. As AI algorithms rely on data inputs to make decisions, there is a risk of perpetuating existing biases and discrimination if the data used is not diverse or representative. It is crucial to ensure that any AI-based solutions implemented in remedial education are transparent and accountable, with clear guidelines for data collection and usage. In conclusion, while AI technology has the potential to revolutionize remedial education, it must be implemented thoughtfully and with careful consideration of its potential benefits and drawbacks. A balanced approach that 

 

IV. Case studies of successful use of AI in remedial education

 - Example 1: Carnegie Learning's AI-based math intervention program

 has been shown to improve student performance and engagement. The program uses adaptive learning algorithms to personalize instruction for each student, allowing them to progress at their own pace. Teachers also receive real-time data on student progress, allowing them to provide targeted support where needed. - Example 2: A study conducted by the University of Georgia found that an AI-based writing tutor improved students' writing skills more than traditional tutoring methods. The program provided immediate feedback on grammar, sentence structure, and organization, allowing students to make corrections in real-time. Students also reported feeling more confident in their writing abilities after using the program. - Example 3: A school district in California implemented an AI-based reading intervention program that identified struggling readers and provided personalized instruction and support. The program also tracked student progress over time, allowing teachers to adjust instruction as needed. As a result, the district saw significant improvements in reading proficiency among its students. Overall, these case studies demonstrate the potential of AI technology to improve remedial education 

 - Example 2: ALEKS adaptive learning platform

 Another example of AI technology being used to improve education is the ALEKS adaptive learning platform. This program uses artificial intelligence to personalize math instruction for each student, providing them with individualized learning pathways based on their strengths and weaknesses. The platform also tracks student progress and provides real-time feedback to teachers, allowing them to adjust instruction as needed. Studies have shown that students who use ALEKS show significant improvements in math proficiency compared to those who do not use the program. Overall, the success of these AI-based interventions highlights the potential for technology to revolutionize remedial education and provide students with the support they need to succeed. 

 - Example 3: Third Space Learning's AI-powered online tutoring program

 is another promising example of how technology can enhance student learning. The program matches students with experienced tutors who provide personalized instruction in math and English. Using machine learning algorithms, the system adapts to each student's unique needs and learning style, ensuring that they receive the most effective support possible. Additionally, the program offers real-time progress tracking and assessment tools, allowing teachers and parents to monitor student performance and identify areas for improvement. With its focus on individualized instruction and data-driven feedback, Third Space Learning represents a powerful new tool for improving educational outcomes and helping students reach their full potential. 

V. Ethical considerations and future implications

 - Privacy and security concerns

 may arise with the use of Third Space Learning's data tracking and assessment tools. It is important for the company to ensure that all student data is protected and only accessible to authorized personnel. - As technology continues to advance, it is possible that Third Space Learning may expand its offerings beyond math tutoring to other subjects or even virtual reality learning experiences. This could have both positive and negative implications, as it may increase access to education for students who are unable to attend traditional schools, but it could also widen the educational gap between those who have access to these resources and those who do not. - It will be important for Third Space Learning to continue conducting research on the effectiveness of its program and making improvements based on the results. As more schools and students begin using the platform, there may also be a need for additional support staff or resources to ensure that all users are receiving high-quality instruction. Overall, Third Space Learning has the potential to revolutionize the way we approach education by providing personalized, data 

 - The role of AI in education and the job market

 is becoming increasingly important, and Third Space Learning is at the forefront of this trend. By leveraging AI technology to provide personalized instruction to students, the platform is able to meet the unique needs of each learner and help them achieve their full potential. This not only benefits individual students, but also has broader implications for the job market, as a more educated and skilled workforce can drive economic growth and innovation. As Third Space Learning continues to expand its reach and improve its program, it has the potential to make a significant impact on education both in the UK and around the world. However, it will be important for the platform to remain vigilant in monitoring its effectiveness and making necessary adjustments in order to ensure that it continues to deliver high-quality instruction that meets the needs of all learners. With continued dedication and innovation, Third Space Learning can help pave the way for a brighter future for education and society as a whole. 

 - Potential impact on student-teacher relationships

 is one area that Third Space Learning could significantly influence. By providing a platform for one-on-one instruction, students may feel more connected to their teachers and have greater opportunities for personalized learning. This could lead to increased engagement and motivation, ultimately resulting in improved academic outcomes. Additionally, the platform's accessibility could help bridge the gap between students in remote or underserved areas and quality education resources. This has the potential to democratize education and provide equal opportunities for all learners, regardless of their location or socioeconomic status. Another area where Third Space Learning could make a significant impact is in teacher professional development. By offering training and support for educators on how to effectively use the platform, teachers can improve their instructional practices and enhance their ability to meet the needs of diverse learners. This could lead to improved teacher efficacy and job satisfaction, ultimately benefiting both teachers and students. Furthermore, Third Space Learning's use of technology in education could serve as a model for other organizations looking to innovate in this space. By leveraging technology to enhance 

VI. Conclusion

 - Summary of key points

 In conclusion, Third Space Learning offers a valuable platform for teachers to improve their instructional practices and meet the needs of diverse learners. Through the use of technology, teachers can enhance their efficacy and job satisfaction, leading to positive outcomes for both teachers and students. Additionally, Third Space Learning's innovative approach to education technology could serve as a model for other organizations looking to make similar advancements in the field. With its focus on personalized learning and teacher support, Third Space Learning is poised to continue making a significant impact on education in the years to come. 

 - Importance of continued research and development of AI in remedial education

 The importance of continued research and development of AI in remedial education cannot be overstated. With the rise of technology, there is a growing need for innovative solutions to address the challenges facing educators and students alike. AI has the potential to revolutionize remedial education by providing personalized learning experiences that are tailored to each student's individual needs. This could lead to improved academic outcomes, increased engagement, and greater satisfaction among both teachers and students. Moreover, Third Space Learning's approach to education technology offers a promising model for other organizations looking to make similar advancements in the field. By prioritizing teacher support and personalized learning, Third Space Learning is paving the way for a more effective and efficient approach to remedial education. As such, it is clear that AI has the potential to play a transformative role in education, and continued research and development in this area will be critical for achieving positive outcomes for all stakeholders involved. 

 - Final thoughts and recommendations.

 In conclusion, Third Space Learning's innovative use of AI in education is a promising development that holds significant potential for improving student outcomes. By leveraging technology to provide personalized learning experiences and support for teachers, they are setting a new standard for remedial education. However, it is important to note that AI should not be seen as a replacement for human teachers but rather as a tool to enhance their effectiveness. As such, further investment in research and development is necessary to ensure that AI is used in an ethical and responsible manner. Additionally, it will be important for policymakers and educators to work together to ensure that these advancements are accessible to all students, regardless of socioeconomic status or geographic location. Overall, the integration of AI into education has the potential to revolutionize the way we teach and learn, but it must be done thoughtfully and with a focus on equity and inclusivity. 

Intrinsic Motivation in Students

 It may be difficult to foster students' natural drive for learning both inside and outside of the immediate community while encouraging personal and creative ways of expression to maintain variety and the individual experience.

 

How can you develop students’ intrinsic motivation for learning with a global mindset?

 

In daily tasks, increasing intrinsic motivation increases pleasure and engagement. When educators design classes with an emphasis on intrinsic motivation, they motivate students to engage and perform well (Help Students Build Intrinsic Motivation, 2020).

 

According to research, students are more likely to attach meaning to their work, explore new topics, and persevere in the face of learning challenges when they have intrinsic motivations for learning—when they engage not because they expect an external reward but because they find the activity itself to be interesting and satisfying (Intrinsically Motivated, 2016)

 

Developing Mastery

Mastery recognizes that a person may need several efforts to acquire a new skill or notion. Using mastery in a lesson helps a student learn from their errors and try again. Set a specific learning target with a mastery threshold to boost mastery. The important beginning point for mastering learning thresholds is setting learning goals. Specific, unambiguous, and verifiable learning goals are required: everyone must understand what the objectives are, and the learner must be able to show that they have mastered them. (Help Students Build Intrinsic Motivation, 2020) 

 

Teachers should decide the kind of demonstration a student will use for a certain objective—activities like giving a presentation, resolving a problem, writing an answer, or completing a project—in order to develop a mastery threshold. Teachers are required to provide pupils with a rubric or goal to meet in order to show mastery.

 

Gaining Autonomy

Control is vital for inspiring pupils to participate. Autonomy allows students to direct their own learning. Increasing autonomy allows students to match what they are learning with their knowledge of the world. Increasing autonomy includes looking at the amount of voice and choice available in a class. Voice means providing pupils with a voice in their learning and honoring the backgrounds, views, ideas, and beliefs of students. Lessons may be tailor-made depending on student interests or ideas. Teachers might poll student interest in certain topics and use the findings to inform their teaching. Another quick way to give students a voice is to introduce dialogues or adapt classes based on their responses. Simply asking for student opinions tells kids they are appreciated and improves intrinsic motivation in the classroom.

 

Teachers should think about offering students alternatives for how they acquire information rather than limiting them to one learning route. Choice boards provide kids with many ways to learn. Providing alternatives for students during a class improves engagement. To better comprehend a notion, students might independently research a subject and offer questions. (Help Students Build Intrinsic Motivation, 2020) 

 

Building Purpose

Students have a reason to pay attention and learn when there is a purpose. Students need to feel as if they are making a difference and striving toward something valuable. Asking students why a subject or skill would be essential to acquire is one technique for giving a lesson meaning. Allowing pupils to intentionally put their own perspective on their work helps them understand the "why" behind their work. (Help Students Build Intrinsic Motivation, 2020) 

 

Additionally, educators might give their classes meaning. For instance, leveraging community challenges might give a lecture more meaning. By addressing issues in the community, students understand their subject matter. They acquire skills and quickly apply them to difficulties encountered in the real world. Students become aware of the impact their learning may have on the world. Students feel good about their work when they assist others in solving problems in the community, which increases their motivation to work more. (Help Students Build Intrinsic Motivation, 2020) 

 

How can you develop students’ intrinsic motivation for learning with a global mindset?

 

Teachers may help students connect their newly acquired skills and knowledge to the actual world by using the strategies outlined above. Students will become more conscious of their own behaviors as well as that of people in their immediate circles when they realize the impact that one person's actions may have on society as a whole.

 

How can you assess your students’ development as global citizens while nurturing personal creativity and diversity?

 

Contemporary education places a strong emphasis on developing globally aware students who are prepared to lead and work as professionals in a global society. This is a fundamental premise of modern education's approach to students' capacities. The ultimate goal of contemporary education is to produce global citizens.

 

I use rubrics to grade group and individual projects and activities with my senior students. However, I am aware from personal experience that formative evaluation is not the only way that instructors may track their students' development. This is due to the fact that having a global perspective is more of a conceptual notion that is shown through behaviors and attitudes.

 

How can you incorporate your prior readings and activities around Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) as a strategy for developing both the connection to the local community and the diversity of all learners in today’s classroom?

 

In general, all stakeholders are impacted by ESD's dedication to diversity, equality, and inclusion. We think that everyone has a role to play in helping us succeed. Our ability to retain and draw in varied talent, promote improved communication, and foster cooperation is aided by creating an environment at work where various opinions are appreciated and welcomed. (A Culture of Diversity and Inclusion, 2019). They must comprehend the pleasure, power, and importance of varied viewpoints in order to prosper in an increasingly diverse society if they are to be prepared for that world. (Diversity and Inclusion - the Episcopal School of Dallas, n.d.).

 

Along with knowledge and skills, these capacities can refer to attitudes, or ways of thinking and doing. As a result, they provide unique assessment issues, which are exacerbated when they are evaluated as embedded components within the various contexts of disciplinary knowledge and abilities.(Assessing Global Citizenship, 2021) 

 

 

References

A Culture of Diversity and Inclusion. (2019, March 9). Environmental Systems Design, Inc. Retrieved December 22, 2022, from https://www.esdglobal.com/news/article/a-culture-of-diversity-and-inclusion/

Assessing Global Citizenship. (2021, September 29). Assessing Global Citizenship | UNSW Teaching Staff Gateway. Retrieved December 22, 2022, from https://www.teaching.unsw.edu.au/assessing-global-citizenship

Beachboard. (2020, April 3). Help Students Build Intrinsic Motivation. How to Build Intrinsic Motivation in Students | Edutopia. Retrieved December 22, 2022, from https://www.edutopia.org/article/help-students-build-intrinsic-motivation/

Diversity and Inclusion - The Episcopal School of Dallas. (2022). Diversity and Inclusion - the Episcopal School of Dallas. Retrieved December 22, 2022, from https://www.esdallas.org/about/diversity-and-inclusion

Intrinsically Motivated. (2016, September 11). Harvard Graduate School of Education. Retrieved December 21, 2022, from https://www.gse.harvard.edu/news/uk/16/09/intrinsically-motivated

Developing Active Readers

 I believe the majority of educators would agree that, when it comes to reading comprehension abilities, more isn't necessarily better. Students will have the opportunity to master each approach by focusing on one skill at a time, and they will be able to utilize the taught talents while reading independently. All reading levels may benefit from the below techniques.

SQ3R Method

SQ3R is a reading comprehension strategy that encourages students to think about what they are reading while they are reading it. The SQ3R approach consists of the five following steps:

1. Survey: Before beginning to read, children should scan the material. I make sure they pay attention to the graphic's title, captions, and pictures. Students may also read the introduction, conclusion, and text summary (if provided).
2. Question: While reading the book, students need to be thinking of questions to ask about it. I advise my pupils to record their questions as they come up. Unknown vocabulary terms may also be found by students. Now is a good moment to write them down and interpret their significance.
3. Read: The text is read aloud by the students. They will hopefully learn the answers to the queries that emerged from the survey component of the plan. I instruct pupils to go through confusing passages again and use context clues to decipher the meaning of unfamiliar phrases.
4. Recite: After finishing the book, students write their own comments on the subject; by summarizing the book, they will have a deeper understanding of the subject.
5. Review: Students must examine the material in more depth in the last phase of the SQ3R approach. Students may actively study the material offered in the book by answering comprehension questions, completing a graphic organizer, or taking part in group discussions, for example.

Disadvantages of the SQ3R method

Many educators and researchers question the reliability of the SQ3R method, bringing attention to some possible disadvantages.

• The SQ3R procedure must be intentionally repeated by students until it becomes instinctive.
• The process takes a lot of time since students have to set aside enough time to read each chapter thoroughly and consider each topic.
• The SQ3R methodology may be initially challenging to understand and use.
• The cognitive processes of organization and integration are not supported by SQ3R's phases.
• The approach is not appropriate for online courses or learning resources other than textbooks.

Since the approach is getting close to a century old, many of these drawbacks are starting to appear. Some educators believe that alternative strategies, such as the GIST method, are better than the SQ3R since learning psychology is now better understood (The Advantages of SQ3R Technique The Disadvantages of SQ3R Technique 2022).

The SQ3R technique may not be ideal. However, it remains to be one of the best study techniques available for understanding textbooks, and I believe it still has its fair share of applications.

 

KWL Charts

A KWL chart is an evidence-based reading technique that engages students' previous knowledge, establishes a reading goal, and supports comprehension assessment. It is quite effective when beginning a new text. The instructor first determines the text's subject and makes a three-column chart that the class will complete jointly. Before reading the text, the first two columns, K and W, are filled out. Everything that pupils already know about the subject is included in the K column. What pupils wish to know about the subject is denoted by the letter W. Active reading is encouraged and supported by taking the time to address existing information and come up with questions beforehand. L is the final column. It speaks about what the pupils discovered after reading the material. After reading the material, students should fill in the L column so they may draw connections and consider what they have learned.

 

Disadvantages of the KWL method

The problems with this method when used incorrectly as a reading comprehension strategy are that it is reader-centered rather than author-centered and is constrained by the pupils' prior knowledge

(Ibrahim, 2012). Additionally, while brainstorming in groups dramatically improves previous knowledge for the K step, students often contribute irrelevant, false, or incomplete material that might potentially complicate their reading. The teacher's job is to use analogies, fill in the blanks, and synthesize the students' combined previous knowledge to make the student contributions understandable. When conducting the KWL activity, teachers should use discretion and only choose reading material that their pupils are already highly acquainted with. Before implementing this technique, instructors must also consider two issues: Is it truly worth the time? Is the result worth the effort? Once again, KWL is constrained by the information supplied by students during the W stage since it is reader-centered. Both what students don't know and what they wish to know are unknown to them. Or they could wish to know what is irrelevant, unimportant, or not covered in the reading list or other resources. Following the interests of the reader may result in a lot of circle-driving and tangential bird-walking.

 

Developing Concise Summary Writing with "GIST"

One last method for determining understanding of a text is called GIST (Generating Interactions between Schemata and Text). It encourages students to create succinct, insightful summaries and is suitable for readers of all reading abilities. Students that are taught information-summing strategies will develop their ability to effectively synthesize knowledge. Students should be able to communicate the "gist" of what they read in a GIST summary without adding any unnecessary information. Students learn the competencies they need to independently recognize a text's major ideas and important details by using GIST. I usually have students read a brief passage of text before starting the GIST approach. After reading, I instruct them to respond to the following questions based on the text: who, what, when, where, why, and how. Finally, I ask students to summarize their responses in one phrase. Students should get assistance in writing GIST summaries until they are able to do it on their own.

 

Disadvantages of the GIST method

This strategy helped me improve the reading and writing abilities of many students. To my knowledge, there are no downsides. Even with the neediest students, a teacher needs only to closely supervise and support (for a while) and be patient. For the students, all they have to do is read the text and answer the questions.

 

 

 

 

 

References

Ibrahim, (2012) developing students' reading comprehension skills through. Retrieved from

http://ejurnal.unisri.ac.id/index.php/proictss/article/download/1439/1264

The Advantages of SQ3R Technique The Disadvantages of SQ3R Technique. (2022). Retrieved 29 September 2022, from https://text-id.123dok.com/document/lq5m818ry-the-advantages-of-sq3r-technique-the-disadvantages-of-sq3r-technique.html

Outlines of Psychological development theories

 Freud's psychosexual development theory

 

Childhood development, according to Freud, is discontinuous; each of us must go through a series of stages or phases known as psychosexual development stages. If a stage is not appropriately supported, the kid may feel trapped and/or fixated with that stage. The unconscious mind's skills are highly crucial since it influences behavior instinctively or involuntarily. According to Freud, the primary goal of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious. the pleasure-seeking impulses begin in childhood. Childhood experiences, according to Freud, have a significant impact on adulthood in terms of molding the character, anxieties, obsessions, and beliefs.

 

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

 

"Also an epigenetic theory that was impacted by Sigmund Freud's work in terms of stages of development" (Understanding Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development, 2022) It denoted humans' social experience as a main factor in shaping behavior. Each stage is a result of the preceding one and a precursor to the next. During each stage, the individual is faced with various conflicts that help develop certain qualities. By the end of each stage, the individual either emerges with the said qualities established, or lacking them. In all cases, the result becomes ingrained in the person's psyche and evident in their behavior. It highlighted people's social experience as a major influence in influencing behavior (Understanding Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development, 2022). Each stage is a consequence of the one before it and a prelude to the one after that. Throughout each stage, the person is confronted with numerous conflicts that aid in the development of particular traits. By the conclusion of each stage, the person has either established or lacks specified traits. In all cases, the outcome becomes ingrained in the person's psyche and manifests itself in their behavior. Stage 1: Mistrust vs. Trust. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt in Stage 2. Stage 3: Responsibility vs. Guilt. Stage 4: Superiority vs. Inferiority. Identity vs. Confusion, Stage 5 Intimacy vs. Isolation at Stage 6. Stage 7: Stagnation vs. Generativity.

 

Piaget's four phases of cognitive (or intellectual) development

 

Piaget classified children's cognitive development into four phases, each representing a new way of thinking about and comprehending the world. Nortje (2021): Sensorimotor development occurs from birth through the age of 18-24 months. preoperational toddlerhood (18-24 months). through toddlerhood (18-24 months). Operational specifics: 7 to 11 years old, from formal to operational adolescence to adulthood.

 

The Ecological Systems Theory of Bronfenbrenner

 

Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory focuses on the nature and context of the child's environment. According to him, as a child develops, his or her relationship with numerous environments becomes more difficult. This complexity may arise as the child's physical and cognitive systems grow and mature. To evaluate a child's development, we must include not just the child and her immediate surroundings but also the interaction of the larger environment. He classified a person's environment into five separate systems: the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem. Finally, all of the notions mentioned above are crucial for educators to understand because they allow them to form fundamental relationships with their students and create communication-rich classrooms. This is to guarantee that you not only know what you want to teach, but also how to organize it for each particular student and what they are capable of. Furthermore, they clarify other educational psychology ideas like behaviorism and cognitivism. Educational psychology is significant since it may benefit both students and instructors. It provides educators with essential information to help them create educational experiences, measure learning, and improve student motivation.

 

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory sees human development as a socially mediated process in which children learn their cultural values, beliefs, and problem-solving techniques via collaborative conversations with more informed members of society. The foundation of Ygotsky's theory lies in concepts like the Zone of Proximal Development, culturally unique tools, and private communication. Vygotsky's concepts stress the fundamental significance of social interaction in the formation of cognition (Vygotsky, 1978). In other words, social learning tends to precede growth (Nortje, 2021).

 

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

According to Bronfenbrenner, as a kid grows, the interaction within various environments gets more complicated. As the child's physical and cognitive systems develop and mature, this complexity may emerge. This is to ensure that you not only know what you want to teach, but you also know how to structure it for each individual student and also what each student is capable of. Furthermore, they make other educational psychology theories such as behaviorism and cognitivism clearer.

Finally, all of the notions mentioned above are crucial for educators to understand because they allow them to form fundamental relationships with their students and create communication-rich classrooms. This is to guarantee that you not only know what you want to teach, but also how to organize it for each particular student and what they are capable of. Furthermore, they clarify other educational psychology ideas like behaviorism and cognitivism. Educational psychology is significant since it may benefit both students and instructors. It provides educators with essential information to help them create educational experiences, measure learning, and improve student motivation.

 

References

Mcleod, S., & Mcleod], S. (n.d.). Erik Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development. Erik Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved September 8, 2022, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html

Nortje, P. A. (2021, May 3). Piaget’s Stages: 4 Stages of Cognitive Development & Theory. PositivePsychology.Com. https://positivepsychology.com/piaget-stages-theory/

Understanding Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development. (2022, August 3). Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/erik-eriksons-stages-of-psychosocial-development-2795740